Version 0.1
Table of Contents

1. Overview
2. Information and Resources
3. Obtaining MALOC
4. Frequently Asked Questions
5. Installation Instructions
6. Author Information
7. Copyright and Terms of Use
8. GNU GPL

NOTE: This documentation provides information about installation, configuration, and general usage of the MALOC libraries. Information about the programming interface provided by the MALOC software can be found in the Programmer's Guide.

Overview
MALOC (Minimal Abstraction Layer for Object-oriented C) is a small, portable, abstract C environment library for object-oriented C programming. MALOC is used as the foundation layer for a number of scientific applications, including MC, SG, and APBS. MALOC can be used as a small stand-alone abstraction environment for writing portable C programs which need access to resources which are typically architecture-dependent, such as INET sockets, timing routines, and so on. MALOC provides abstract datatypes, memory management routines, timing routines, machine epsilon, access to UNIX and INET sockets, MPI, and so on. All things that can vary from one architecture to another are abstracted out of an application code and placed in MALOC. To port the application code to a new architecture, only the small MALOC library needs to be ported (usually just "./configure ; make"). MALOC takes the pain of varying UNIX (and Win32) platforms with differing library and header layous completely out of the software development picture.
MALOC is a class library written in Clean OO C. "Clean" refers to the fact that the language is both legal C++ and legal ANSI/ISO/Standard C, and can be compiled with any standard C or C++ compiler. "OO" refers to the programming style employed -- object-oriented. An Clean OO C implementation consists of a set of "Objects" (Clean C structs) which are operated on by a collection of "methods" (Clean C subroutines) which always have a pointer to the Object as their first argument. This special argument is always written as "thee", analogous to the implicit "this" pointer in C++. (An Clean OO C implementation can be turned into a C++ implementation with a simple AWK/SED or Perl Script.) As a result of this Clean OO C implementation, MALOC can be used as a set of C++-like class libraries, it can be safely software engineered into other large software packages, and it can be built on just about any UNIX-like platform with either a C or a C++ compiler, including e.g. Linux, IRIX, and Win32. To use some of the graphics and parallel computing features, your platform must also have some form of standard INET sockets (WINSOCK will work). MALOC is easily buildable from source on any UNIX-like system, and uses a GNU autoconf build environment.

Information and Resources
Detailed information about MALOC can be found in the User's Guide and Programmers's Guide.
While MALOC is itself a self-contained software package, it is one of several components of FETK (the Finite Element ToolKit). FETK consists of the following components written in Clean OO C:

- MALOC - Minimal Abstraction Layer for Object-oriented C programs.
- PUNC - Portable Understructure for Numerical Computing.
- GAMer - Geometry-preserving Adaptive MeshER (uses MALOC).
- SG - Socket Graphics mesh display tool (uses MALOC).
- MC - Manifold Code finite element package (uses MALOC and PUNC).
- MCX - MC eXtension libraries (uses MALOC, PUNC, and MC).

MALOC is self-contained, and requires only an ANSI-C compiler on a UNIX or Win32 platform. PUNC, GAMer, SG, and MC are also self-contained, but rely on MALOC having been previously installed on the platform. Additional features of MC are enabled if PUNC is available, but PUNC is not required to build MC. The MC eXtension libraries MCX are constructed on top of MALOC and MC, and in order install and use MCX one must first correctly configure and install both MALOC and MC. MCX is made up of a number of individual libraries developed by members of our group, or contributed by one of a number of colleagues. More information about FETK can be found on the FETK website:

- http://www.fetk.org/

Obtaining MALOC
MALOC is copyrighted, but is redistributable in source and binary form under the following license. The MALOC source can be downloaded from the FETK Download Page.

Frequently Asked Questions
What is MALOC and what does MALOC stand for?
See the Overview.
How to I obtain a copy of the MALOC binaries and/or source code?
See the Obtaining MALOC section.
I managed to get a copy of "maloc-VERSION.[i386|src|tar].[rpm|gz]"; how do I now install MALOC?
See the Installation Instructions.
You gave me a "patch.gz" file to fix a bug in MALOC; how do I apply the patch?
To apply patches to upgrade MALOC to a new version, you first obtain the patch from me or my webpage as a single file with a name like "patch.gz". You apply the patch after you have unpacked the maloc-VERSION.tar.gz file as described in the installation instructions. To apply the patch, cd into the directory containing the root MALOC directory (called "maloc" after unpacking maloc-VERSION.tar.gz) and execute the "patch" program as follows (the patch program exists on most UNIX machines):

- gzip -cd patch.gz | patch -p0

Patch files are simply the output from a recursive "diff" that are used to represent all differences between two directory trees. For example, to create a patch representing the changes from version 1.0 of MALOC (in directory maloc_1.0 for example) to version 1.1 of MALOC (e.g. in directory maloc_1.1), I would normally type the following:

- diff -r -u -N maloc_1.0 maloc_1.1 > patch1
- gzip -v patch1

which would produce the gzipped patch file "patch1.gz". If you had previously installed version 1.0 of MALOC but would like to upgrade to version 1.1 of MALOC, you could just download the file "patch1.gz" and apply the changes using the program "patch" as above, rather than downloading and reinstalling the entire version 1.1 of MALOC.
I really don't know what I'm doing; how to I get more documentation for MALOC?
The User's Guide and the Programmers's Guide contain all of the MALOC documentation.
Why did you develop MALOC? Can't you just use ANSI-C?
Anyone who has ported C codes that use sockets and signals to various UNIX machines quickly realizes that there has to be a better way to do things. GNU Autoconf solves this problem, but also then writing a small C library which holds all of the autoconf-generated machine-dependent details internally simplifies software development a great deal. MALOC plays this role in MC as well as in the entire FETK project.
What is in all of these subdirectories? Where exactly is "MALOC"?
MALOC consists of several (class) libraries from which you will call routines to handle your application. You simply link your application to the MALOC static or shared library. The MC package automatically looks for the MALOC libraries as part of its Autoconf configuration process.

                                       maloc
                                         |
                             ------------------------
                            /      |     |      |    \
                           config doc examples src tools

The src directory has the additional subdirectory structure:

                                       src
                                        |
                             -------------------------
                            /     |      |    |   |   \
                        aaa_inc aaa_lib base psh vsh vsys

Within each library source directory is an additional subdirectory, "maloc". The "maloc" subdirectory contains public headers for the library, representing the library API; these headers will be installed in the specified header install directory during the install procedure after building MALOC.
The following is a brief description of each subdirectory of the package.

        maloc             - The entire MALOC package
        maloc/config      - GNU Autoconf scripts and non-unix config files
        maloc/doc         - MALOC documentation
        maloc/examples    - Complex examples and data files for using MALOC
        maloc/src         - MALOC source code (all source and headers)
        maloc/src/aaa_inc - Header installation tools
        maloc/src/aaa_lib - Library installation tools
        maloc/src/*/maloc - The MALOC headers (API)
        maloc/src/base    - Source for M. Holst's BASE (MALOC foundation headers)
        maloc/src/vsys    - Source for M. Holst's VSYS (Virtual SYStem layer)
        maloc/src/vsh     - Source for M. Holst's VSH  (Virtual command SHell)
        maloc/src/psh     - Source for M. Holst's PSH  (Parallel vSH extension)
        maloc/tools       - Some binary tools for use with MALOC

Okay, I seem to have installed MALOC correctly; how do I actually use it now?
Using MALOC is pretty simple; it is a very object-oriented implementation, although it is written in C. It is actually written in an object-oriented way using a subset of ANSI/Standard C, sometimes referred to as Clean OO C. Clean C refers to the overlapping subset of ANSI/Standard C and C++, so you can compile the code as a legal C++ or ANSI/Standard C code. Using the code consists of constructing objects (represented by C structs) and manipulating these objects using appropriate methods (represented by C functions which follow a certain object-oriented prototype convention).
What is the class hierarchy? How are the various libraries related?
Detailed information on the class relationships can be found in the Programmers's Guide. The following directed graph shows the class library dependencies. (This tends to evolve as MALOC is developed.)

       ANSI-C ===> base ==> vsys ==> vsh ==> psh
                             /\       /\      /\
                             ||       ||      ||
                   UNIX/INET sockets  ||     MPI
                                      ||
                                   signals

What is Clean C?
Clean C is simply a subset of ISO C which is compatible with (the current draft) standard C++; i.e., Clean C is the intersection of the standard accepted definitions of C and C++. ISO C is currently the internationally accepted version of C; ISO C was previously called ANSI C, and the term Standard C (as opposed to Tradiational or K&R C) is also now used for ISO C. Clean C programs are ISO C programs that use only the new C++-style function prototypes, and avoid using names that are reserved words in C++ (such as class, public, etc). There are a few other differences between ISO C and C++ that one has to be careful of (such as struct/union scopes, typedef syntax, storage classes, const and cast usage, initializers, "sizeof" differences), but the prototypes and reserved words are the main restrictions. Clean C programs can then be compiled with any ISO C compiler or any standard C++ compiler on any architecture. In other words, Clean C programs are actually C++ programs, but they only use C++ features that can be handled with an ISO C compiler. Clean C is a very small, simple, fast, powerful, yet extremely portable language. The name "Clean C" for this C dialect seems to have been first coined in the book of Harbison and Steele, "C: A Reference Manual"; this excellent C reference has a thorough discussion of the various dialects of C.
What is Clean OO C?
The "OO" in "Clean OO C" refers to the programming style employed -- Object Oriented (it does not refer to syntax as did the word "Clean" above). An "Clean OO C" implementation consists of a set of "Objects" (Clean C structs) which are operated on by a collection of "methods" (Clean C subroutines) which always have a pointer to the Object as their first argument. This special argument is always written as "thee", analogous to the implicit "this" pointer in C++. (An Clean OO C implementation can be turned into a C++ implementation with a simple AWK/SED or Perl Script.) Much like C++, a careful Clean OO C implementation can be used as a set of C++-like class libraries, it can be safely software engineered into other large software packages, and it can be compiled on just about any UNIX-like platform with either a C or a C++ compiler, including e.g. Linux, IRIX, and Win32.
Why would someone program in Clean OO C?
Clean OO C seems to be a good language compromise: a very small language, but powerful enough to provide a great deal of abstraction. In addition, one can continue to use various integrated C++ development environments under Win32 (such as the Watcom and Microsoft products), making use of the symbolic debuggers and so on, since Clean OO C programs are still legal C++ programs. The book of A. Holub, "C+C++: Programming with Objects in C and C++" was a very useful guide for doing an object-oriented implementation in (ISO) C.
Avoiding use of the `inline` function in C++ is a difficult sacrifice to make in moving to Clean OO C (note that GCC actually provides the inline function, although most ISO C compilers do not). Inlining in Clean OO C can be emulated using macros. This can be made reasonably safe by implementing two versions of all macro'd routines -- a normal Clean OO C routine, and a macro version. Switching between the two can be as simple as setting or unsetting a macro in a makefile; this way if things start to go wrong, the macros can be turned into real functions with prototypes, and the code can be stepped through with a debugger. Another useful feature of C++, from a practical large-package software engineering point of view, is the "public/protected/private" keywords in class definitions. This functionality can be recovered to a small degree by careful use of header files and the "static" keyword in a Clean OO C implementation.
Why is MALOC written in Clean OO C rather than C++ or Objective-C?
A brief explanation can be found here.
I want to write software to extend MALOC; besides the Clean OO C framework, what is the "Coding Style"?
A fairly complete description of the coding style guidelines used in writing MALOC (and all of FETK ) can be found in the Programmers's Guide.
I wrote a cool MALOC extension; how do I get it included in the MALOC package?
To keep the core FETK libraries as small, efficient, stable, and bullet-proof as possible, I distribute extensions to any of MALOC, PUNC, MC, and/or SG in a package called MCX (MC eXtension Library). MCX is developed collaboratively by a number of collaborators. In addition, several application-specific software packages have been written such as GPDE (Geometric PDE) which use FETK to solve a number of different application problems. If you wish to contribute to MCX, and are willing to release you contributions under the GNU GPL, then I would be delighted to include it in MCX.
If you need special modifications to FETK to support your particular contribution or your particular FETK -based application, let me know. If you provide me with a clear description of an interface to FETK that you need, then I will almost always consider making the modifications to FETK for you. In any event, the general guideline for such proposed changes is that they be fairly minimal to avoid breaking too many other things that rely on the existing structure of FETK , and general enough to be useful for other extensions (and in particular, not application-specific).

Installation Instructions
Available distribution formats
MALOC is distributed in both binary format (as a binary RPM file maloc-VERSION.i386.rpm for i386-based versions of Linux) and in source format (as a source RPM file maloc-VERSION.src.rpm and as a gzipped tar file "maloc-VERSION.tar.gz").
Installation using the binary RPM file
The following rpm command will install all of the MALOC headers and libraries into /usr/local/include and /usr/local/lib, and will install the MALOC documentation into /usr/share/doc/packages/maloc:

        rpm -Uvh maloc-VERSION.i386.rpm

Installation and rebuilding from sources using the source RPM file
The following rpm command will unpack the source rpm file "maloc-VERSON.src.rpm" into the MALOC gzipped tar file containing the sources called "maloc-VERSION.tar.tar.gz" and into a small RPM spec file called "maloc-VERSON.spec":

        rpm -Uvh maloc-VERSION.src.rpm

The sources can then be unpacked and built using the directions for the gzipped tar file below. Alternatively, the following rpm command will do these steps for you:

        rpm -bp maloc-VERSION.spec

Rebuilding binary and source RPM files from the gzipped tar file
The MALOC sources contain the RPM spec file "maloc-VERSON.spec" in the root source directory; as a result, rebuilding the RPM files from sources can be done using the rpm command:

        rpm -ta maloc-VERSION.tar.gz

The result will be the corresponding source and binary rpm files, named "maloc-VERSON.src.rpm" and "maloc-VERSION.i386.rpm". Normally, these files are written to /usr/src/redhat/SRPMS and /usr/src/redhat/RPMS respectively, but you must be logged in as root for these to work. The destination directories can be overriden using arguments to the rpm program (see the rpm manpage).
Installation and building from sources using the gzipped tar file
The following command will unpack MALOC into a number of subdirectories and files on any UNIX machine (and on any WinNT machine with the GNU-Win32 tools gzip and tar).

        gzip -dc maloc-VERSION.tar.gz | tar xvf -

Building the package using the GNU "configure" shell script and "make"
The "configure" shell script in the "maloc" directory (the toplevel directory created when you unpacked the MALOC tar.gz file) will build the entire package. This is a standard GNU autoconf-generated configuration script. For a list of the possible configuration options, type:

        ./configure --help

You should be able to build MALOC by simply typing:

        ./configure
        make
        make install

However, it is often advantageous to keep the original source directory pristine; the configure script can actually be run outside the source tree, which will keep all files created by the build outside the source tree. (This idea is related to the section below describing how to build binaries for multiple architectures at the same time using the same source tree, and requires that your version of make has the VPATH facility, such as GNU make.) For example, I build MALOC in a separate directory from the source tree as follows:

        gzip -dc maloc-VERSION.tar.gz | tar xvf -
        mkdir maloc_build
        cd maloc_build
        ../maloc/configure
        make
        make install

Building binaries for multiple architectures in the same source directory
If you have a version of "make" that supports the VPATH facility (such as any recent version of GNU make), then you can build the package for multiple architectures in the same source directory (in fact, you can do the compiles at the same time without collisions). This is very useful if you have your home directory on an NFS volume that you share among multiple architectures, such as SGI, Linux, etc. To build MALOC for all the systems at the same time, you simply make an additional subdirectory in the main MALOC directory for each architecture, copy "configure" into it, "cd" into the subdirectory, and then install as above. For example, on a linux machine you would do the following:

        mkdir linux
        cp configure linux/.
        cd linux
        ./configure
        make
        make install

If you mount the same NFS home directory on for example an OpenStep box, you could at the same time do the following:

        mkdir next
        cp configure next/.
        cd next
        ./configure
        make
        make install

Again, both builds can actually be done outside the source tree rather than in a subdirectory of the source tree, as described in the previous section.
Building shared libraries rather than static libraries
(MIKE: give an overview of libtool.)
Rebuilding the configure script and the Makefile.in files
If for some reason you actually need to rebuild the configure script or the Makefile.in files using the GNU autoconf suite, you should read the block of documentation at the top of the configure.in file. The commentary I put there explains exactly how the GNU autoconf suite must be used and in what order, and exactly what files are produced at each step of the process. A script called "bootstrap" which automates this process is located in the config subdirectory of the MALOC source tree.
Platform-specific information
Below is some platform-specific build/usage information for MALOC.

- Linux (Source: M. Holst, UCSD)
  Things should work as described above.
- FreeBSD/NetBSD/OpenBSD (Source: M. Holst, UCSD)
  Things should work as described above.
- OpenStep (Source: M. Holst, UCSD)
  Things should just work, but you may have to set the CC environment variable as follows before typing ./configure:

          export CC="/bin/cc"

  or you might need to use:

          export CC="/bin/cc -ObjC"

- IRIX (Source: M. Holst, UCSD)
  If you are on a 64-bit IRIX box such as an Onyx, Octane, or Origin, set the CC environment variable as follows before typing ./configure:

          export CC="/bin/cc -64"

  If you are on a 32-bit IRIX box such as an O2 or Indy, set the CC environment variable as follows before typing ./configure:

          export CC="/bin/cc -32"

- Win32 (Source: M. Holst, UCSD)
  Unless you have the Cygwin environment, you need to use one of the included project file collections for one of the commercially available ANSI C or C++ compilers for the Win32 environment.

What you end up with
Once the build completes via the "configure;make;make install" procedure above with no errors, the MALOC library (libmaloc.a and/or libmaloc.so) is installed into the specified installation directory. You can also build some useful tools that employ the MALOC library by cd-ing into the "tools" subdirectory and repeating the "configure;make;make install" procedure.
Using MALOC on a parallel computer
MALOC provides abstractions to both INET sockets and MPI for communication support in parallel computing software. Control of the overall structure is accomplished through MALOC-shell scripts you write, or through calls to the MALOC library. (Going through the MALOC-shell is much simpler, and you have access to all the communication possibilities through the MALOC-shell.) The use of the parallel features of MALOC is explained in more detail in the documentation that is included in the MC library.
Getting MALOC to find your installation of MPI
If your installation of MPI is located in an unusual directory, then the configuration script may have trouble finding the MPI library (libmpi.a) or the MPI header file (mpi.h). Again, the configure script prints out the state of affairs quite clearly as to whether it found the library and the header. If you have MPI and configure is not finding it, then here are several possible solutions, each of which usually works. They are listed in preferred order (i.e. you should try Solution 1 first, and if that doesn't work try Solution 2, and so on).

- Solution 1:
  Have your system administrator install MPI in a proper system directory so that MALOC (and other AUTOCONF-based codes) can find it!
- Solution 2:
  1. Find the location of libmpi.a and mpi.h on your system, either by asking your sysadmin, poking around yourself, or (if you have it) using the "locate" utility:

             locate mpi.h
             locate libmpi.a
             locate libmpich.a

     On my Redhat6.2 Linux box, the following output is produced:

             bash:~% locate mpi.h
             /usr/share/mpi/include/mpi.h
             bash:~% locate libmpi.a
             bash:~% locate libmpich.a
             /usr/share/mpi/lib/libmpich.a

     Therefore the MPI header is installed as:

             /usr/share/mpi/include/mpi.h

     and the MPI library is installed as:

             /usr/share/mpi/lib/libmpich.a

  2. Before running the configure script, preset the FETK_MPI_INCLUDE and FETK_MPI_LIBRARY environment variables to point to the directories containing mpi.h and libmpi.a (or libmpich.a). Under bash, using the results from the example above, I would do this as follows:

             export FETK_MPI_INCLUDE=/usr/share/mpi/include
             export FETK_MPI_LIBRARY=/usr/share/mpi/lib
             ./configure --enable-mpi
             make clean; make; make install

     The configure script should now report that it successfully found the library and header and thus enabled MPI, and then MALOC should compile without error.

Author Information
MALOC (Minimal Abstraction Layer for Object-oriented C) was conceived, designed, and implemented over several years by Michael Holst, beginning with an initial implementation in 1994. Various colleagues have contributed ideas and/or code to MALOC (see the credits list below).

        MALOC (Minimal Abstraction Layer for Object-oriented C)
        Copyright (C) 1994--

        Michael Holst               TELE:  (858) 534-4899
        Department of Mathematics   FAX:   (858) 534-5273
        UC San Diego, AP&M 5739     EMAIL: mholst@ccom.ucsd.edu
        La Jolla, CA 92093 USA      WEB:   http://ccom.ucsd.edu/~mholst

MALOC was designed to be a portable abstraction layer for use in the development of MC (Manifold Code), an adaptive multilevel finite element package also developed by Michael Holst. MALOC was developed almost entirely on a home-grown 90Mhz Pentium PC running various flavors of Linux and [Free|Net|Open]BSD, using primarily GNU, BSD, and other free software development tools. Most of the development occurred during the hours of 10pm to 2am on a daily basis for several years, under heavy influence of Starbuck's coffee, with helpful advice provided by Mac and Mochi (two cats knowledgable in socket programming and numerical analysis).
MALOC was released under the GNU GPL (GNU General Public License) beginning with the initial implementation in 1994, and continues to be released under this license. What this means is that like all GNU softare, MALOC is freely redistributable in source code form following the rules outlined in the text of the GNU GPL. You should have received a copy of the GNU GPL with this distribution of MALOC; a copy can be found here. If you did not receive a copy of the GNU GPL, please write to me and also write to: The Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Credits
Below is a credits list for the people that have contributed to MALOC in one way or another. The fields below follow the credits file format used in the Linux kernel CREDITS file to allow for easy manipulation via shell scripts. The fields are as follows:

              N: name of contributor
              E: email address
              W: web address
              P: PGP key ID and fingerprint
              D: description of primary contributions
              S: snail-mail address

    N: Michael Holst
    E: mholst@ccom.ucsd.edu
    W: http://ccom.ucsd.edu/~mholst
    P: 1024/0xB5212DCD
    D: maloc/*                      -- The package structure
    D: maloc/acconfig.h             -- The platform abstraction information
    D: maloc/configure.in           -- The GNU autoconf/automake structure
    D: maloc/config/*               -- The GNU autoconf/automake shell scripts
    D: maloc/doc/*                  -- The package documentation
    D: maloc/examples/*             -- The package examples
    D: maloc/src/aaa_inc/*          -- Library header build structure
    D: maloc/src/aaa_lib/*          -- Static and shared library build structure
    D: maloc/src/base/*             -- M. Holst's MALOC Foundation headers
    D: maloc/src/vsys/*             -- M. Holst's Virtual System abstraction layer
    D: maloc/src/vsh/*              -- M. Holst's Virtual Shell abstraction layer
    D: maloc/src/psh/*              -- M. Holst's Parallel virtual Shell
    D: maloc/tools/*                -- Tools built on the libraries
    S: Department of Mathematics
    S: UC San Diego, AP&M 5739
    S: La Jolla, CA 92093 USA

    N: Nathan Baker
    E: nbaker@wasabi.ucsd.edu
    D: maloc/src/psh/vcom.c         -- Vcom Class (MPI abstraction)
    S: Department of Chemistry
    S: UC San Diego
    S: La Jolla, CA 92093 USA

    N: Steve Bond
    E: bond@ccom.ucsd.edu
    D: maloc/maloc.spec             -- RPM support (for building src/binary RPMs)
    S: Department of Mathematics
    S: UC San Diego
    S: La Jolla, CA 92093 USA

Contacting the Author
If you have questions or comments about MALOC, please feel free to contact me at mholst@ccom.ucsd.edu.

Copyright and Terms of Use Please acknowledge your use of MALOC and FETK by citing:

- M. Holst, Adaptive numerical treatment of elliptic systems on manifolds. Advances in Computational Mathematics, 15 (2001), pp. 139-191.

This version of MALOC is distributed under the following guidelines:

- MALOC (Minimal Abstraction Layer for Object-oriented C)
  Copyright (C) 1994-- Michael Holst
  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

GNU GPL
The GPL (GNU General Public License) below is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation. However, the instance of software that it refers to, my package in this case, is copyrighted by myself as the author of the package. Any additional software that I distribute with my software is copyrighted by the authors of those pieces of software (see the individual source files for author information). ---Michael Holst

    		    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
    		       Version 2, June 1991

     Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
     Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
     of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

    			    Preamble

      The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
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      When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
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    program proprietary.  To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
    patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.

      The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
    modification follow.

    		    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
       TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION

      0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains
    a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
    under the terms of this General Public License.  The "Program", below,
    refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"
    means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
    that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
    either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
    language.  (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
    the term "modification".)  Each licensee is addressed as "you".

    Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
    covered by this License; they are outside its scope.  The act of
    running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
    is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
    Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
    Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.

      1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
    source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
    conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
    copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
    notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
    and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
    along with the Program.

    You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
    you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.

      2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
    of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
    distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
    above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:

        a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
        stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.

        b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
        whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
        part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
        parties under the terms of this License.

        c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
        when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
        interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
        announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
        notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
        a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
        these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
        License.  (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
        does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
        the Program is not required to print an announcement.)

    These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole.  If
    identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
    and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
    themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
    sections when you distribute them as separate works.  But when you
    distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
    on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
    this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
    entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.

    Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
    your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
    exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
    collective works based on the Program.

    In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
    with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
    a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
    the scope of this License.

      3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
    under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
    Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:

        a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
        source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
        1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,

        b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
        years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
        cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
        machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
        distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
        customarily used for software interchange; or,

        c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
        to distribute corresponding source code.  (This alternative is
        allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
        received the program in object code or executable form with such
        an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)

    The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
    making modifications to it.  For an executable work, complete source
    code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
    associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
    control compilation and installation of the executable.  However, as a
    special exception, the source code distributed need not include
    anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
    form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
    operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
    itself accompanies the executable.

    If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
    access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
    access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
    distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
    compelled to copy the source along with the object code.

      4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
    except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
    otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
    void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
    However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
    this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
    parties remain in full compliance.

      5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
    signed it.  However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
    distribute the Program or its derivative works.  These actions are
    prohibited by law if you do not accept this License.  Therefore, by
    modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
    Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
    all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
    the Program or works based on it.

      6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
    Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
    original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
    these terms and conditions.  You may not impose any further
    restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
    You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
    this License.

      7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
    infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
    conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
    otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
    excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you cannot
    distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
    License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
    may not distribute the Program at all.  For example, if a patent
    license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
    all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
    the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
    refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.

    If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
    any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
    apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
    circumstances.

    It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
    patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
    such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
    integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
    implemented by public license practices.  Many people have made
    generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
    through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
    system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
    to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
    impose that choice.

    This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
    be a consequence of the rest of this License.

      8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
    certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
    original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
    may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
    those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
    countries not thus excluded.  In such case, this License incorporates
    the limitation as if written in the body of this License.

      9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
    of the General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions will
    be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
    address new problems or concerns.

    Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the Program
    specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
    later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
    either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
    Software Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of
    this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
    Foundation.

      10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
    programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
    to ask for permission.  For software which is copyrighted by the Free
    Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
    make exceptions for this.  Our decision will be guided by the two goals
    of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
    of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.

    			    NO WARRANTY

      11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
    FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN
    OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
    PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
    OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
    MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS
    TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE
    PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
    REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

      12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
    WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
    REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
    INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
    OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
    TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
    YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
    PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
    POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

    		     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

    	    How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

      If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
    possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
    free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

      To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
    to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
    convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
    the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

        (one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.)
        Copyright (C) 19yy  < name of author >

        This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
        it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
        the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
        (at your option) any later version.

        This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
        but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
        MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
        GNU General Public License for more details.

        You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
        along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
        Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA

    Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

    If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
    when it starts in an interactive mode:

        Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author
        Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
        This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
        under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.

    The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
    parts of the General Public License.  Of course, the commands you use may
    be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
    mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.

    You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
    school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
    necessary.  Here is a sample; alter the names:

      Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
      `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.

      < signature of Ty Coon > 1 April 1989
      Ty Coon, President of Vice

    This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
    proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you may
    consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
    library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
    Public License instead of this License.