## TG01FZ

### Orthogonal reduction of a descriptor system to a SVD-like coordinate form (complex case)

[Specification] [Arguments] [Method] [References] [Comments] [Example]

Purpose

      To compute for the descriptor system (A-lambda E,B,C)
      the unitary transformation matrices Q and Z such that the
      transformed system (Q'*A*Z-lambda Q'*E*Z, Q'*B, C*Z) is
      in a SVD-like coordinate form with

                   ( A11  A12 )             ( Er  0 )
          Q'*A*Z = (          ) ,  Q'*E*Z = (       ) ,
                   ( A21  A22 )             (  0  0 )

      where Er is an upper triangular invertible matrix, and ' denotes
      the conjugate transpose. Optionally, the A22 matrix can be further
      reduced to the form

                   ( Ar  X )
             A22 = (       ) ,
                   (  0  0 )

      with Ar an upper triangular invertible matrix, and X either a full
      or a zero matrix.
      The left and/or right unitary transformations performed
      to reduce E and A22 can be optionally accumulated.

Specification

          SUBROUTINE TG01FZ( COMPQ, COMPZ, JOBA, L, N, M, P, A, LDA, E, LDE,
         $                   B, LDB, C, LDC, Q, LDQ, Z, LDZ, RANKE, RNKA22,
         $                   TOL, IWORK, DWORK, ZWORK, LZWORK, INFO )
    C     .. Scalar Arguments ..
          CHARACTER          COMPQ, COMPZ, JOBA
          INTEGER            INFO, L, LDA, LDB, LDC, LDE, LDQ, LDZ, LZWORK,
         $                   M, N, P, RANKE, RNKA22
          DOUBLE PRECISION   TOL
    C     .. Array Arguments ..
          INTEGER            IWORK( * )
          COMPLEX*16         A( LDA, * ), B( LDB, * ), C( LDC, * ),
         $                   E( LDE, * ), Q( LDQ, * ), Z( LDZ, * ),
         $                   ZWORK( * )
          DOUBLE PRECISION   DWORK( * )

Arguments

Mode Parameters

      COMPQ   CHARACTER*1
              = 'N':  do not compute Q;
              = 'I':  Q is initialized to the unit matrix, and the
                      unitary matrix Q is returned;
              = 'U':  Q must contain a unitary matrix Q1 on entry,
                      and the product Q1*Q is returned.

      COMPZ   CHARACTER*1
              = 'N':  do not compute Z;
              = 'I':  Z is initialized to the unit matrix, and the
                      unitary matrix Z is returned;
              = 'U':  Z must contain a unitary matrix Z1 on entry,
                      and the product Z1*Z is returned.

      JOBA    CHARACTER*1
              = 'N':  do not reduce A22;
              = 'R':  reduce A22 to a SVD-like upper triangular form.
              = 'T':  reduce A22 to an upper trapezoidal form.

Input/Output Parameters

      L       (input) INTEGER
              The number of rows of matrices A, B, and E.  L >= 0.

      N       (input) INTEGER
              The number of columns of matrices A, E, and C.  N >= 0.

      M       (input) INTEGER
              The number of columns of matrix B.  M >= 0.

      P       (input) INTEGER
              The number of rows of matrix C.  P >= 0.

      A       (input/output) COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDA,N)
              On entry, the leading L-by-N part of this array must
              contain the state dynamics matrix A.
              On exit, the leading L-by-N part of this array contains
              the transformed matrix Q'*A*Z. If JOBA = 'T', this matrix
              is in the form

                            ( A11  *   *  )
                   Q'*A*Z = (  *   Ar  X  ) ,
                            (  *   0   0  )

              where A11 is a RANKE-by-RANKE matrix and Ar is a
              RNKA22-by-RNKA22 invertible upper triangular matrix.
              If JOBA = 'R' then A has the above form with X = 0.

      LDA     INTEGER
              The leading dimension of array A.  LDA >= MAX(1,L).

      E       (input/output) COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDE,N)
              On entry, the leading L-by-N part of this array must
              contain the descriptor matrix E.
              On exit, the leading L-by-N part of this array contains
              the transformed matrix Q'*E*Z.

                       ( Er  0 )
              Q'*E*Z = (       ) ,
                       (  0  0 )

              where Er is a RANKE-by-RANKE upper triangular invertible
              matrix.

      LDE     INTEGER
              The leading dimension of array E.  LDE >= MAX(1,L).

      B       (input/output) COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDB,M)
              On entry, the leading L-by-M part of this array must
              contain the input/state matrix B.
              On exit, the leading L-by-M part of this array contains
              the transformed matrix Q'*B.

      LDB     INTEGER
              The leading dimension of array B.
              LDB >= MAX(1,L) if M > 0 or LDB >= 1 if M = 0.

      C       (input/output) COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDC,N)
              On entry, the leading P-by-N part of this array must
              contain the state/output matrix C.
              On exit, the leading P-by-N part of this array contains
              the transformed matrix C*Z.

      LDC     INTEGER
              The leading dimension of array C.  LDC >= MAX(1,P).

      Q       (input/output) COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDQ,L)
              If COMPQ = 'N':  Q is not referenced.
              If COMPQ = 'I':  on entry, Q need not be set;
                               on exit, the leading L-by-L part of this
                               array contains the unitary matrix Q,
                               where Q' is the product of Householder
                               transformations which are applied to A,
                               E, and B on the left.
              If COMPQ = 'U':  on entry, the leading L-by-L part of this
                               array must contain a unitary matrix Q1;
                               on exit, the leading L-by-L part of this
                               array contains the unitary matrix Q1*Q.

      LDQ     INTEGER
              The leading dimension of array Q.
              LDQ >= 1,        if COMPQ = 'N';
              LDQ >= MAX(1,L), if COMPQ = 'U' or 'I'.

      Z       (input/output) COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDZ,N)
              If COMPZ = 'N':  Z is not referenced.
              If COMPZ = 'I':  on entry, Z need not be set;
                               on exit, the leading N-by-N part of this
                               array contains the unitary matrix Z,
                               which is the product of Householder
                               transformations applied to A, E, and C
                               on the right.
              If COMPZ = 'U':  on entry, the leading N-by-N part of this
                               array must contain a unitary matrix Z1;
                               on exit, the leading N-by-N part of this
                               array contains the unitary matrix Z1*Z.

      LDZ     INTEGER
              The leading dimension of array Z.
              LDZ >= 1,        if COMPZ = 'N';
              LDZ >= MAX(1,N), if COMPZ = 'U' or 'I'.

      RANKE   (output) INTEGER
              The estimated rank of matrix E, and thus also the order
              of the invertible upper triangular submatrix Er.

      RNKA22  (output) INTEGER
              If JOBA = 'R' or 'T', then RNKA22 is the estimated rank of
              matrix A22, and thus also the order of the invertible
              upper triangular submatrix Ar.
              If JOBA = 'N', then RNKA22 is not referenced.

Tolerances

      TOL     DOUBLE PRECISION
              The tolerance to be used in determining the rank of E
              and of A22. If the user sets TOL > 0, then the given
              value of TOL is used as a lower bound for the
              reciprocal condition numbers of leading submatrices
              of R or R22 in the QR decompositions E * P = Q * R of E
              or A22 * P22 = Q22 * R22 of A22.
              A submatrix whose estimated condition number is less than
              1/TOL is considered to be of full rank.  If the user sets
              TOL <= 0, then an implicitly computed, default tolerance,
              defined by  TOLDEF = L*N*EPS,  is used instead, where
              EPS is the machine precision (see LAPACK Library routine
              DLAMCH). TOL < 1.

Workspace

      IWORK   INTEGER array, dimension (N)

      DWORK   DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (2*N)

      ZWORK   DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LZWORK)
              On exit, if INFO = 0, ZWORK(1) returns the optimal value
              of LZWORK.

      LZWORK  INTEGER
              The length of the array ZWORK.
              LZWORK >= MAX( 1, N+P, MIN(L,N)+MAX(3*N-1,M,L) ).
              For optimal performance, LZWORK should be larger.

              If LZWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed;
              the routine only calculates the optimal size of the
              ZWORK array, returns this value as the first entry of
              the ZWORK array, and no error message related to LZWORK
              is issued by XERBLA.

Error Indicator

      INFO    INTEGER
              = 0:  successful exit;
              < 0:  if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal
                    value.

Method

      The routine computes a truncated QR factorization with column
      pivoting of E, in the form

                        ( E11 E12 )
            E * P = Q * (         )
                        (  0  E22 )

      and finds the largest RANKE-by-RANKE leading submatrix E11 whose
      estimated condition number is less than 1/TOL. RANKE defines thus
      the rank of matrix E. Further E22, being negligible, is set to
      zero, and a unitary matrix Y is determined such that

            ( E11 E12 ) = ( Er  0 ) * Y .

      The overal transformation matrix Z results as Z = P * Y' and the
      resulting transformed matrices Q'*A*Z and Q'*E*Z have the form

                           ( Er  0 )                      ( A11  A12 )
          E <- Q'* E * Z = (       ) ,  A <- Q' * A * Z = (          ) ,
                           (  0  0 )                      ( A21  A22 )

      where Er is an upper triangular invertible matrix.
      If JOBA = 'R' the same reduction is performed on A22 to obtain it
      in the form

                   ( Ar  0 )
             A22 = (       ) ,
                   (  0  0 )

      with Ar an upper triangular invertible matrix.
      If JOBA = 'T' then A22 is row compressed using the QR
      factorization with column pivoting to the form

                   ( Ar  X )
             A22 = (       )
                   (  0  0 )

      with Ar an upper triangular invertible matrix.

      The transformations are also applied to the rest of system
      matrices

           B <- Q' * B, C <- C * Z.

Numerical Aspects

      The algorithm is numerically backward stable and requires
      0( L*L*N )  floating point operations.

Further Comments

      None

Example

Program Text

    *     TG01FZ EXAMPLE PROGRAM TEXT
    *
    *     .. Parameters ..
          INTEGER          NIN, NOUT
          PARAMETER        ( NIN = 5, NOUT = 6 )
          INTEGER          LMAX, NMAX, MMAX, PMAX
          PARAMETER        ( LMAX = 20, NMAX = 20, MMAX = 20, PMAX = 20 )
          INTEGER          LDA, LDB, LDC, LDE, LDQ, LDZ
          PARAMETER        ( LDA = LMAX, LDB = LMAX, LDC = PMAX,
         $                   LDE = LMAX, LDQ = LMAX, LDZ = NMAX )
          INTEGER          LDWORK
          PARAMETER        ( LDWORK = 2*NMAX )
          INTEGER          LZWORK
          PARAMETER        ( LZWORK = MAX( 1, NMAX+PMAX,
         $                   MIN(LMAX,NMAX)+MAX( 3*NMAX-1, MMAX, LMAX ) ) )
    *     .. Local Scalars ..
          CHARACTER*1      COMPQ, COMPZ, JOBA
          INTEGER          I, INFO, J, L, M, N, P, RANKE, RNKA22
          DOUBLE PRECISION TOL
    *     .. Local Arrays ..
          INTEGER          IWORK(NMAX)
          COMPLEX*16       A(LDA,NMAX), B(LDB,MMAX), C(LDC,NMAX),
         $                 E(LDE,NMAX), Q(LDQ,LMAX), Z(LDZ,NMAX),
         $                 ZWORK(LZWORK)
          DOUBLE PRECISION DWORK(LDWORK)
    *     .. External Subroutines ..
          EXTERNAL         TG01FZ
    *     .. Intrinsic Functions ..
          INTRINSIC        MAX, MIN
    *     .. Executable Statements ..
    *
          WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99999 )
    *     Skip the heading in the data file and read the data.
          READ ( NIN, FMT = '()' )
          READ ( NIN, FMT = * ) L, N, M, P, TOL
          COMPQ = 'I'
          COMPZ = 'I'
          JOBA = 'R'
          IF ( L.LT.0 .OR. L.GT.LMAX ) THEN
             WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99989 ) L
          ELSE
             IF ( N.LT.0 .OR. N.GT.NMAX ) THEN
                WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99988 ) N
             ELSE
                READ ( NIN, FMT = * ) ( ( A(I,J), J = 1,N ), I = 1,L )
                READ ( NIN, FMT = * ) ( ( E(I,J), J = 1,N ), I = 1,L )
                IF ( M.LT.0 .OR. M.GT.MMAX ) THEN
                   WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99987 ) M
                ELSE
                   READ ( NIN, FMT = * ) ( ( B(I,J), J = 1,M ), I = 1,L )
                   IF ( P.LT.0 .OR. P.GT.PMAX ) THEN
                      WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99986 ) P
                   ELSE
                      READ ( NIN, FMT = * ) ( ( C(I,J), J = 1,N ), I = 1,P )
    *                 Find the transformed descriptor system
    *                 (A-lambda E,B,C).
                      CALL TG01FZ( COMPQ, COMPZ, JOBA, L, N, M, P, A, LDA,
         $                         E, LDE, B, LDB, C, LDC, Q, LDQ, Z, LDZ,
         $                         RANKE, RNKA22, TOL, IWORK, DWORK, ZWORK,
         $                         LZWORK, INFO )
    *
                      IF ( INFO.NE.0 ) THEN
                         WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99998 ) INFO
                      ELSE
                         WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99994 ) RANKE, RNKA22
                         WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99997 )
                         DO 10 I = 1, L
                            WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99995 ) ( A(I,J), J = 1,N )
       10                CONTINUE
                         WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99996 )
                         DO 20 I = 1, L
                            WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99995 ) ( E(I,J), J = 1,N )
       20                CONTINUE
                         WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99993 )
                         DO 30 I = 1, L
                            WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99995 ) ( B(I,J), J = 1,M )
       30                CONTINUE
                         WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99992 )
                         DO 40 I = 1, P
                            WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99995 ) ( C(I,J), J = 1,N )
       40                CONTINUE
                         WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99991 )
                         DO 50 I = 1, L
                            WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99995 ) ( Q(I,J), J = 1,L )
       50                CONTINUE
                         WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99990 )
                         DO 60 I = 1, N
                            WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99995 ) ( Z(I,J), J = 1,N )
       60                CONTINUE
                      END IF
                   END IF
                END IF
             END IF
          END IF
          STOP
    *
    99999 FORMAT (' TG01FZ EXAMPLE PROGRAM RESULTS',/1X)
    99998 FORMAT (' INFO on exit from TG01FZ = ',I2)
    99997 FORMAT (/' The transformed state dynamics matrix Q''*A*Z is ')
    99996 FORMAT (/' The transformed descriptor matrix Q''*E*Z is ')
    99995 FORMAT (20(1X,F8.4,SP,F8.4,S,'i '))
    99994 FORMAT (' Rank of matrix E   =', I5/
         $        ' Rank of matrix A22 =', I5)
    99993 FORMAT (/' The transformed input/state matrix Q''*B is ')
    99992 FORMAT (/' The transformed state/output matrix C*Z is ')
    99991 FORMAT (/' The left transformation matrix Q is ')
    99990 FORMAT (/' The right transformation matrix Z is ')
    99989 FORMAT (/' L is out of range.',/' L = ',I5)
    99988 FORMAT (/' N is out of range.',/' N = ',I5)
    99987 FORMAT (/' M is out of range.',/' M = ',I5)
    99986 FORMAT (/' P is out of range.',/' P = ',I5)
          END

Program Data

    TG01FZ EXAMPLE PROGRAM DATA
      4    4     2     2     0.0
        (-1,0)     (0,0)     (0,0)     (3,0)
         (0,0)     (0,0)     (1,0)     (2,0)
         (1,0)     (1,0)     (0,0)     (4,0)
         (0,0)     (0,0)     (0,0)     (0,0)
         (1,0)     (2,0)     (0,0)     (0,0)
         (0,0)     (1,0)     (0,0)     (1,0)
         (3,0)     (9,0)     (6,0)     (3,0)
         (0,0)     (0,0)     (2,0)     (0,0)
         (1,0)     (0,0)
         (0,0)     (0,0)
         (0,0)     (1,0)
         (1,0)     (1,0)
        (-1,0)     (0,0)     (1,0)     (0,0)
         (0,0)     (1,0)    (-1,0)     (1,0)

Program Results

     TG01FZ EXAMPLE PROGRAM RESULTS

     Rank of matrix E   =    3
     Rank of matrix A22 =    1

     The transformed state dynamics matrix Q'*A*Z is
       2.0278 +0.0000i    0.1078 +0.0000i    3.9062 +0.0000i   -2.1571 +0.0000i
      -0.0980 +0.0000i    0.2544 +0.0000i    1.6053 +0.0000i   -0.1269 +0.0000i
       0.2713 +0.0000i    0.7760 +0.0000i   -0.3692 +0.0000i   -0.4853 +0.0000i
       0.0690 +0.0000i   -0.5669 +0.0000i   -2.1974 +0.0000i    0.3086 +0.0000i

     The transformed descriptor matrix Q'*E*Z is
      10.1587 +0.0000i    5.8230 +0.0000i    1.3021 +0.0000i    0.0000 +0.0000i
       0.0000 +0.0000i   -2.4684 +0.0000i   -0.1896 +0.0000i    0.0000 +0.0000i
       0.0000 +0.0000i    0.0000 +0.0000i    1.0338 +0.0000i    0.0000 +0.0000i
       0.0000 +0.0000i    0.0000 +0.0000i    0.0000 +0.0000i    0.0000 +0.0000i

     The transformed input/state matrix Q'*B is
      -0.2157 +0.0000i   -0.9705 +0.0000i
       0.3015 +0.0000i    0.9516 +0.0000i
       0.7595 +0.0000i    0.0991 +0.0000i
       1.1339 +0.0000i    0.3780 +0.0000i

     The transformed state/output matrix C*Z is
       0.3651 +0.0000i   -1.0000 +0.0000i   -0.4472 +0.0000i   -0.8165 +0.0000i
      -1.0954 +0.0000i    1.0000 +0.0000i   -0.8944 +0.0000i    0.0000 +0.0000i

     The left transformation matrix Q is
      -0.2157 +0.0000i   -0.5088 +0.0000i    0.6109 +0.0000i    0.5669 +0.0000i
      -0.1078 +0.0000i   -0.2544 +0.0000i   -0.7760 +0.0000i    0.5669 +0.0000i
      -0.9705 +0.0000i    0.1413 +0.0000i   -0.0495 +0.0000i   -0.1890 +0.0000i
       0.0000 +0.0000i    0.8102 +0.0000i    0.1486 +0.0000i    0.5669 +0.0000i

     The right transformation matrix Z is
      -0.3651 +0.0000i    0.0000 +0.0000i    0.4472 +0.0000i    0.8165 +0.0000i
      -0.9129 +0.0000i    0.0000 +0.0000i    0.0000 +0.0000i   -0.4082 +0.0000i
       0.0000 +0.0000i   -1.0000 +0.0000i    0.0000 +0.0000i    0.0000 +0.0000i
      -0.1826 +0.0000i    0.0000 +0.0000i   -0.8944 +0.0000i    0.4082 +0.0000i

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